The Use of Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element, chemical symbol Ti, atomic number 22, is a silver-white transition metal, characterized by light weight, high strength, metallic luster, and good corrosion resistance (including seawater, nitro Hydrochloric acid and chlorine). Because of its stable chemical properties, good high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, strong acid resistance, strong alkali resistance, and high strength and low density, it is known as “space metal”. Titanium was discovered by William Gregor in Cornwall, England, in 1791. Named by Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology with.
Titanium is considered to be a rare metal because it is dispersed and difficult to extract in nature. However, its relative abundance ranks tenth among all elements. Titanium ore mainly contains ilmenite and rutile, widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium also exists in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies and soils. The extraction of titanium from the main ore requires the Kroll or Hunter method. The most common compound of titanium, titanium dioxide can be used to make white pigments. Other compounds also include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (as a catalyst and used in the manufacture of smoke screens or aerial letters) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used to catalyze the production of polypropylene)
Titanium can be alloyed with other elements such as iron, aluminum, vanadium or molybdenum to create a high-strength light alloy, which has a wide range of applications in all aspects. Including aerospace (jet engines, missiles and spacecraft), military, industrial applications (chemical and petroleum products, desalination and papermaking), automobiles, agro-food, medicine (prosthetics, orthopedic implants and dental instruments and fillings), kitchen utensils , sporting goods, jewelry and mobile phones, etc.
The two most useful properties of titanium are corrosion resistance, and the highest strength-to-weight ratio in the metal. In the non-alloyed state, the strength of titanium is comparable to that of some steels, but it is also 45% lighter. There are two allotropes and five natural isotopes, namely: 46Ti（8.25%）,47Ti（7.44%）,48Ti（73.72%）,49Ti（5.41%）,50Ti（5.18%） The chemical and physical properties of titanium are similar to those of zirconium because they have the same number of valence electrons and belong to the same family of the periodic table.
In the earth's crust, titanium reserves are second only to iron, aluminum and magnesium, ranking fourth. Because of its high melting point, low specific gravity, high specific strength, good toughness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, high and low temperature tolerance performance, and low stress in hot and cold conditions, Its commercial value began to be recognized in the 1950s and was used in high-tech fields such as aviation and aerospace. With the continuous promotion of chemicals, petroleum, electricity, seawater desalination, construction, daily necessities and other industries, Titanium metal has been increasingly valued by people, known as "modern metal" and "strategic metal," and is an important strategic material that is indispensable for improving the level of national defense equipment.
There are two important indicators for measuring the scale of a country's titanium industry: Sponge titanium production and titanium production, of which titanium sponge production reflects the raw material production capacity, titanium production reflects the deep processing capacity. The titanium industry has formed five major production and consumption entities in China, the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Japan, and Europe. The Chinese titanium industry started in 1954 and gradually developed through experimental research, fixed-point layout of industrialized production, application promotion, and continuous technological progress. Especially since the 21st century, under the impetus of the national demand, under the impetus of the reform and opening up policy, the Chinese titanium industry has made rapid progress.
2016 was the first year of China's "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". During this year, the production of sponge titanium and titanium processing materials in China continued to grow at an inertia. According to statistics from the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association Titanium Zirconium and Hafnium Branch, the total output of 14 sponge titanium production enterprises in China was 74,952t in 2016, an increase of 12.4% over the same period of last year. According to the statistics of 30 companies, in 2016 China produced a total of 60,962 tons of titanium processing materials, a year-on-year increase of 33.0%.
The strength of titanium is large, and the tensile strength of pure titanium can reach 180kg/mm2. Some steels have higher strength than titanium alloys, but titanium alloys have higher specific strength (ratio of tensile strength and density) than high-grade steels. Titanium alloys have good heat resistance strength, low temperature toughness and fracture toughness, so they are mostly used as aircraft engine parts and rocket and missile structural parts.
Titanium alloys can also be used as fuel and oxidizer storage tanks and high pressure vessels.
Titanium alloys have been used to manufacture automatic rifles, mortar baseplates, and launch tubes without recoil guns.
In the petroleum industry, various types of vessels, reactors, heat exchangers, distillation columns, pipes, pumps, valves, etc. are mainly used.
Titanium can be used as an electrode and power station condenser and environmental pollution control device.
Titanium nickel shape memory alloys have been widely used in instrumentation.
In medical treatment, titanium can be used as artificial bone and various instruments.
Titanium is also a deoxidizer for steelmaking and a component of stainless steel and alloy steel.
Titanium dioxide is a good raw material for pigments and paints.
Titanium carbide, titanium hydride is a new type of hard alloy material.
Titanium nitride is similar in color to gold and is widely used in decoration.
Titanium and titanium alloys are used extensively in the aviation industry and are called "space metals"; In addition, there are increasingly widespread applications in the shipbuilding industry, chemical industry, manufacturing machinery parts, telecommunications equipment, cemented carbide and so on.
In addition, because titanium alloys also have good compatibility with the human body, titanium alloys can also be used as artificial bones.
Titanium corrosion resistance
Zirconium nitrate and zirconium hydroxide are used in the atomic energy industry and as corrosion resistant chemical materials under high temperature and high pressure, but their reactivity is second only to sodium in solution.
Then, by adding an active zirconium nitrate solution to the titanium hydroxide solution, titanium is found to reject the zirconium nitrate (pictured).
As can be seen, there is a distinct stratification in the figure with zirconium nitrate above and titanium hydroxide below.
We know that the density of titanium hydroxide is lower than that of zirconium nitrate, but it still maintains a significant delamination and stays in the upper layer of zirconium nitrate, which proves the corrosion resistance of titanium.
According to experiments, titanium will not be corroded in the seabed for 20 to 50 years.
Emergency disposal
Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing and thoroughly wash skin with soap and water.
Eye contact (powder): Lift the eyelid and rinse with running water or saline. Medical treatment.
Inhalation (powder): quickly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. Medical treatment.
Ingestion: Drink plenty of warm water and induce vomiting. Medical treatment.
Respiratory protection: possible exposure to dust, must wear self-absorption filter respirators.
Eye protection (powder): Wear safety glasses.
Physical Protection: Penetrating gas-type protective clothing.
Hand protection: Wear protective gloves on infiltration.
Other protection: No smoking, eating and drinking at the work site. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Leakage emergency treatment: Isolation of contaminated areas and restrictions on access. Cut off the fire. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear a dust mask (full face mask) and wear protective clothing. Do not touch the spill directly.
A small amount of leakage: Avoid dust, collect with a clean shovel in a dry, clean, covered container. Transfer recycling.
A lot of leakage: covered with plastic sheeting and canvas. Use non-sparking tools recycling transfer.
Harmful combustion products: titanium oxide.
Extinguishing method: Use dry powder and dry sand to extinguish the fire. Do not use water, foam, or carbon dioxide to save. When high heat or intense combustion occurs, the use of water to save may cause an explosion.
Toxicology Database
Acute toxicity: Metal titanium, titanium dioxide and titanium carbide are low toxicity. Rats were intubated with 20-50 mg of titanium dioxide once, and there was no specific reaction in the lungs after rabbits were injected with 400 mg. Subacute and chronic toxicity: 6 and 12 months after intratracheal injection of titanium hydride in rats, only pulmonary fibrosis was seen. Rats inhaled TiO2 dust 4 times a day for 5 days per week for 13 months. Seven months after stopping inhalation, there was no pathological reaction in the lungs. However, guinea pig repeated inhalation of titanium dioxide observed fibrotic effects and eosinophilic cell infiltration. Intratracheal injection of titanium metal without pulmonary fibrosis occurred. Mild pulmonary fibrosis was observed after a single injection of titanium hydride, titanium carbide, titanium boride, and titanium nitride in the rat trachea. Mild fibrosis was also seen in rats inhaled titanium hydride for 16 months.
Metabolism: About 300 μg of titanium is ingested daily in the body's diet, most of which is excreted in the feces, and about 3% of it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Titanium that enters the body accumulates in the spleen, adrenal glands, striated muscle, lungs, skin, and liver. Titanium absorbed into the body is mainly excreted in urine. The normal human plasma titanium concentration is about 3μg/dl, and urine titanium concentration is about 10μg/L.
Poisoning mechanism: Titanium, titanium oxide, titanium carbide, and other insoluble titanium have low toxicity and low oral absorption and do not show toxic reactions. There was no pathological reaction in the titanium implanted body. Inhaled titanium insoluble compounds, no serious damage to the lungs, causing minimal fibrosis. The long-term feeding of animals with titanium-containing drinking water had no effect on the growth and development, and no tumors occurred.
Carcinogenicity: Intramuscular injection of Titanium metal dissolved in trioctide caused an increase in fibrosarcoma and lymphosarcoma. Organotitanium injection, the injection site growing fibrosarcoma, hepatoma and malignant lymphoma of the spleen. The titanium block was not carcinogenic and no tumor cells appeared after the patient had been fitted with titanium artificial joints for two weeks.
Explosion hazard: This product is flammable and irritating.
Emergency Medical Library
Invasive route: inhalation, ingestion.
Human hazards: Inhalation is irritating to the upper respiratory tract, causing coughing, chest tightness or pain. Workers who inhaled TiO2 dust for a long time did not have any change in the lungs. During the production of titanium metal, exposure to titanium tetrachloride and its hydrolysates have irritating effects on the eyes and upper respiratory tract mucosa. Chronic effects can cause chronic bronchitis. TiO2 has been used as a skin protection agent for flash burns and no contact dermatitis, allergies and transdermal absorption have been found. Spattering and inhalation of titanium titanate and titanium chloronitride smoke at 100°C in titanium chloronitride cause skin burns and scar formation, and congestion of the pharynx, vocal cords, and tracheal mucosa. Scar formation causes scarring of the throat. Short-term exposure to titanium chloronitride causes conjunctivitis and keratitis. In addition, inhalation of titanium tetrachloride can cause diffuse endobronchial polyps.
Handling principles: After touching the titanium tetrachloride, the skin should be wiped off with soft paper or cloth as soon as possible, and then rinsed with water to prevent the titanium tetrachloride from releasing large amounts of heat and hydrochloric acid in the water, aggravating and expanding the scope of burns. Inhalation of titanium tetrachloride should be immediately inhaled 5% sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize the hydrochloric acid produced by the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride; Inhale oxygen and keep the breath flowing. Rest quietly and reduce oxygen consumption Give enough glucocorticoids early, and give antibiotics to prevent secondary infections and anti-bronchospasm drugs, expectorant symptomatic treatment. Close observation, prevention of pulmonary edema.
Titanium is considered to be a rare metal because it is dispersed and difficult to extract in nature. However, its relative abundance ranks tenth among all elements. Titanium ore mainly contains ilmenite and rutile, widely distributed in the crust and lithosphere. Titanium also exists in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies and soils. The extraction of titanium from the main ore requires the Kroll or Hunter method. The most common compound of titanium, titanium dioxide can be used to make white pigments. Other compounds also include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (as a catalyst and used in the manufacture of smoke screens or aerial letters) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used to catalyze the production of polypropylene)
Titanium can be alloyed with other elements such as iron, aluminum, vanadium or molybdenum to create a high-strength light alloy, which has a wide range of applications in all aspects. Including aerospace (jet engines, missiles and spacecraft), military, industrial applications (chemical and petroleum products, desalination and papermaking), automobiles, agro-food, medicine (prosthetics, orthopedic implants and dental instruments and fillings), kitchen utensils , sporting goods, jewelry and mobile phones, etc.
The two most useful properties of titanium are corrosion resistance, and the highest strength-to-weight ratio in the metal. In the non-alloyed state, the strength of titanium is comparable to that of some steels, but it is also 45% lighter. There are two allotropes and five natural isotopes, namely: 46Ti（8.25%）,47Ti（7.44%）,48Ti（73.72%）,49Ti（5.41%）,50Ti（5.18%） The chemical and physical properties of titanium are similar to those of zirconium because they have the same number of valence electrons and belong to the same family of the periodic table.
In the earth's crust, titanium reserves are second only to iron, aluminum and magnesium, ranking fourth. Because of its high melting point, low specific gravity, high specific strength, good toughness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, high and low temperature tolerance performance, and low stress in hot and cold conditions, Its commercial value began to be recognized in the 1950s and was used in high-tech fields such as aviation and aerospace. With the continuous promotion of chemicals, petroleum, electricity, seawater desalination, construction, daily necessities and other industries, Titanium metal has been increasingly valued by people, known as "modern metal" and "strategic metal," and is an important strategic material that is indispensable for improving the level of national defense equipment.
There are two important indicators for measuring the scale of a country's titanium industry: Sponge titanium production and titanium production, of which titanium sponge production reflects the raw material production capacity, titanium production reflects the deep processing capacity. The titanium industry has formed five major production and consumption entities in China, the United States, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Japan, and Europe. The Chinese titanium industry started in 1954 and gradually developed through experimental research, fixed-point layout of industrialized production, application promotion, and continuous technological progress. Especially since the 21st century, under the impetus of the national demand, under the impetus of the reform and opening up policy, the Chinese titanium industry has made rapid progress.
The strength of titanium is large, and the tensile strength of pure titanium can reach 180kg/mm2. Some steels have higher strength than titanium alloys, but titanium alloys have higher specific strength (ratio of tensile strength and density) than high-grade steels. Titanium alloys have good heat resistance strength, low temperature toughness and fracture toughness, so they are mostly used as aircraft engine parts and rocket and missile structural parts.
Titanium alloys can also be used as fuel and oxidizer storage tanks and high pressure vessels.
Titanium alloys have been used to manufacture automatic rifles, mortar baseplates, and launch tubes without recoil guns.
In the petroleum industry, various types of vessels, reactors, heat exchangers, distillation columns, pipes, pumps, valves, etc. are mainly used.
Titanium can be used as an electrode and power station condenser and environmental pollution control device.
Titanium nickel shape memory alloys have been widely used in instrumentation.
In medical treatment, titanium can be used as artificial bone and various instruments.
Titanium is also a deoxidizer for steelmaking and a component of stainless steel and alloy steel.
Titanium dioxide is a good raw material for pigments and paints.
Titanium carbide, titanium hydride is a new type of hard alloy material.
Titanium nitride is similar in color to gold and is widely used in decoration.
Titanium and titanium alloys are used extensively in the aviation industry and are called "space metals"; In addition, there are increasingly widespread applications in the shipbuilding industry, chemical industry, manufacturing machinery parts, telecommunications equipment, cemented carbide and so on.
In addition, because titanium alloys also have good compatibility with the human body, titanium alloys can also be used as artificial bones.
Titanium corrosion resistance
Zirconium nitrate and zirconium hydroxide are used in the atomic energy industry and as corrosion resistant chemical materials under high temperature and high pressure, but their reactivity is second only to sodium in solution.
Then, by adding an active zirconium nitrate solution to the titanium hydroxide solution, titanium is found to reject the zirconium nitrate (pictured).
We know that the density of titanium hydroxide is lower than that of zirconium nitrate, but it still maintains a significant delamination and stays in the upper layer of zirconium nitrate, which proves the corrosion resistance of titanium.
According to experiments, titanium will not be corroded in the seabed for 20 to 50 years.
Emergency disposal
Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing and thoroughly wash skin with soap and water.
Eye contact (powder): Lift the eyelid and rinse with running water or saline. Medical treatment.
Inhalation (powder): quickly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. Medical treatment.
Ingestion: Drink plenty of warm water and induce vomiting. Medical treatment.
Respiratory protection: possible exposure to dust, must wear self-absorption filter respirators.
Eye protection (powder): Wear safety glasses.
Physical Protection: Penetrating gas-type protective clothing.
Hand protection: Wear protective gloves on infiltration.
Other protection: No smoking, eating and drinking at the work site. After work, take a shower. Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Leakage emergency treatment: Isolation of contaminated areas and restrictions on access. Cut off the fire. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear a dust mask (full face mask) and wear protective clothing. Do not touch the spill directly.
A small amount of leakage: Avoid dust, collect with a clean shovel in a dry, clean, covered container. Transfer recycling.
A lot of leakage: covered with plastic sheeting and canvas. Use non-sparking tools recycling transfer.
Harmful combustion products: titanium oxide.
Extinguishing method: Use dry powder and dry sand to extinguish the fire. Do not use water, foam, or carbon dioxide to save. When high heat or intense combustion occurs, the use of water to save may cause an explosion.
Toxicology Database
Acute toxicity: Metal titanium, titanium dioxide and titanium carbide are low toxicity. Rats were intubated with 20-50 mg of titanium dioxide once, and there was no specific reaction in the lungs after rabbits were injected with 400 mg. Subacute and chronic toxicity: 6 and 12 months after intratracheal injection of titanium hydride in rats, only pulmonary fibrosis was seen. Rats inhaled TiO2 dust 4 times a day for 5 days per week for 13 months. Seven months after stopping inhalation, there was no pathological reaction in the lungs. However, guinea pig repeated inhalation of titanium dioxide observed fibrotic effects and eosinophilic cell infiltration. Intratracheal injection of titanium metal without pulmonary fibrosis occurred. Mild pulmonary fibrosis was observed after a single injection of titanium hydride, titanium carbide, titanium boride, and titanium nitride in the rat trachea. Mild fibrosis was also seen in rats inhaled titanium hydride for 16 months.
Metabolism: About 300 μg of titanium is ingested daily in the body's diet, most of which is excreted in the feces, and about 3% of it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Titanium that enters the body accumulates in the spleen, adrenal glands, striated muscle, lungs, skin, and liver. Titanium absorbed into the body is mainly excreted in urine. The normal human plasma titanium concentration is about 3μg/dl, and urine titanium concentration is about 10μg/L.
Poisoning mechanism: Titanium, titanium oxide, titanium carbide, and other insoluble titanium have low toxicity and low oral absorption and do not show toxic reactions. There was no pathological reaction in the titanium implanted body. Inhaled titanium insoluble compounds, no serious damage to the lungs, causing minimal fibrosis. The long-term feeding of animals with titanium-containing drinking water had no effect on the growth and development, and no tumors occurred.
Carcinogenicity: Intramuscular injection of Titanium metal dissolved in trioctide caused an increase in fibrosarcoma and lymphosarcoma. Organotitanium injection, the injection site growing fibrosarcoma, hepatoma and malignant lymphoma of the spleen. The titanium block was not carcinogenic and no tumor cells appeared after the patient had been fitted with titanium artificial joints for two weeks.
Explosion hazard: This product is flammable and irritating.
Emergency Medical Library
Invasive route: inhalation, ingestion.
Human hazards: Inhalation is irritating to the upper respiratory tract, causing coughing, chest tightness or pain. Workers who inhaled TiO2 dust for a long time did not have any change in the lungs. During the production of titanium metal, exposure to titanium tetrachloride and its hydrolysates have irritating effects on the eyes and upper respiratory tract mucosa. Chronic effects can cause chronic bronchitis. TiO2 has been used as a skin protection agent for flash burns and no contact dermatitis, allergies and transdermal absorption have been found. Spattering and inhalation of titanium titanate and titanium chloronitride smoke at 100°C in titanium chloronitride cause skin burns and scar formation, and congestion of the pharynx, vocal cords, and tracheal mucosa. Scar formation causes scarring of the throat. Short-term exposure to titanium chloronitride causes conjunctivitis and keratitis. In addition, inhalation of titanium tetrachloride can cause diffuse endobronchial polyps.
Handling principles: After touching the titanium tetrachloride, the skin should be wiped off with soft paper or cloth as soon as possible, and then rinsed with water to prevent the titanium tetrachloride from releasing large amounts of heat and hydrochloric acid in the water, aggravating and expanding the scope of burns. Inhalation of titanium tetrachloride should be immediately inhaled 5% sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize the hydrochloric acid produced by the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride; Inhale oxygen and keep the breath flowing. Rest quietly and reduce oxygen consumption Give enough glucocorticoids early, and give antibiotics to prevent secondary infections and anti-bronchospasm drugs, expectorant symptomatic treatment. Close observation, prevention of pulmonary edema.
